Emerging control strategies for integrated pest management of invasive carps

Invasive carps are ecologically and economically problematic fish species in many large river basins the United States pose a threat to aquatic ecosystems throughout much of North America. Four invasive carps: black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus), grass (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) bighead nobilis), particularly concerning for native because they occupy disrupt variety food habitat niches. In response, natural resource agencies developing integrated pest management (IPM) plans mitigate carps. Control tools one key component within successful IPM program have been focal point development by governmental academic researchers. For example, behavioural deterrents barriers that block migratory pathways could limit range expansion into new areas, while efficient removal methods suppress established populations. However, control sometimes limited practice due uncertainty with deployment, efficacy availability. This review provides an overview several emerging modelling approaches technologies inform support future programs.